Kites

Labarai, bidiyo, hanyoyin haɗi da albarkatu akan nau'ikan kites da fa'idodin su.

Matsakaici, acrobatic, gogayya, KAP, da sauransu kites

Tarihin kites

Kodayake asalinsu bai tabbata ba, yakamata a haife su a cikin Sin fiye da shekaru 2.500 da suka gabata. Akwai tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da asalinsa: hular gora na manomi da iska ke ɗauke da shi, jigilar jirgi ko watakila aikin masanin falsafa ne Mo Ti, wanda ya gina kitsen kamannin tsuntsu wanda ke yawo kwana uku. kamar tsuntsaye

Gaskiyar ita ce, kites tashi abubuwa motsa jiki ne na Sinawa. Amma, ban da waɗannan abubuwan nishaɗi ko amfani na addini, an yi amfani da kites - kamar yadda za su yi a Polynesia shekaru bayan haka - a matsayin kayan kamun kifi, ɗaura ƙugiya da ƙugiya zuwa wani kayan da aka fito da shi daga jirgi daga baya, suna mai da hankali don sanyawa na'urar a isa mai nisa daga inuwar da jirgin ruwan ya jefa don yaudarar kifin.

Har ila yau, Sinawa sun samo aikace-aikacen soja ga wannan abu, wanda zai iya kasancewa daga sigina a filin daga, zuwa auna nisan zuwa sansanin da aka yiwa kawanya har ma a wasu tarihin an ce akwai mazaje da suka tashi a cikin waɗannan abubuwa a kan biranen da aka kewaye.

Kite ya faro daga kasar Sin a duk yankin tasirinsa; don haka, ya bayyana a ƙasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya kamar Korea, Malay Archipelago, Indonesia da Burma, da kuma Japan da India. Ba a san lokacin da wannan fadadawar ta faru ba, amma idan mai yiwuwa ne ya faru a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kamar yadda kite ba da daɗewa ba zai fara yaduwa a cikin Polynesia duka, ana saninsa har zuwa gabashin gabas kamar tsibirin Easter. Hakanan, ta hanyar Indiya, ta fadada yamma zuwa yankin Larabawa da Arewacin Afirka.

A cikin Turai an san kite kafin ƙarni na XNUMX ta hanyoyi uku: mamayar Mongol, hanyoyin kasuwanci ta cikin Cape of Good Hope da kuma hulɗa da ƙasashen Larabawa. Tarihin Turai na kite yana farawa da abin da ake kira Dracos ko masu kama da iska mai kamannin dodo waɗanda aka yi amfani da su azaman tuta a kwanakin ƙarshe na Daular Rome. Wadannan abubuwa sun kunshi silinda mai fadi, wanda yake da kamannin dodo ko wata dabba mai kayatarwa kuma an sa shi a daure a kan sanda. Yayin da ta cika da iska sai ta kumbura, tana kadawa iska a kan mahayan dawakai a cikin yaƙi. Manufarta ita ce haifar da ta'addanci ga abokan gaba a cikin yaƙi da aiki a matsayin abin wuya ko abin ƙyama wanda ya ba maharba damar sanin inda iska take.

Tun a karni na 1405, cikakken bayanin kite mai kamannin dodo ya bayyana a cikin takardu daban-daban na lokacin, kamar rubutun Conrad Kieser kan fasahar soja Bellefortis (1430) ko kuma a cikin wani rubutu daga 1752 da aka adana a Vienna. Amma a ƙarshen karni na goma sha bakwai lokacin da kite ya zama sananne sosai a cikin Turai, kodayake an iyakance shi ga yara, a matsayin abin sha'awa ko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ba a san ikonsa na kimiyya ba har zuwa ƙarni na XNUMX, ban da wasu gwaje-gwajen da ba a rubuce ba da Isaac Newton ya yi game da yanayin yanayin sifofin ƙirar. Wani masanin kimiyya wanda yayi gwaji tare da tauraron dan adam shine Benjamin Franklin wanda, a ranar hadari a watan Yunin XNUMX, yana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje da wutar lantarki. Lokacin da ya daga shahararren "kite din lantarki" zuwa sama tare da mabudi da aka lika a kirtani, sai ya gano cewa an samar da fitattun lantarki, wanda hakan ya bashi damar nuna yanayin walƙiya kuma daga baya ya ƙirƙira sandar walƙiya.

Duk da waɗannan abubuwan da suka gabata, ba a amfani da kites a kai a kai don ɗaga kayan kida a cikin lura da yanayi har zuwa karni na 1891. Daga wannan lokaci zuwa yau abubuwan da William A. Eddy (1894) da L. Hargrave (XNUMX) suka kirkira, wanda ya wakilci juyi dangane da amfani da shi wajen nazarin yanayi. Na farko ya yi kodin al'ada tare da kirtani wanda aka harba don samar da kusurwar dihedral, wanda ya ba shi damar tashi ba tare da jela ba; kayan kalan na biyu tsari ne mai girman uku wanda ya kunshi kwalaye biyu haɗe da juna tare da buɗe ƙarshen.

A ƙarshen ƙarni na 1903 da farkon ƙarni na XNUMX, wanda ya dace da haɓakar jirgin sama, an ƙirƙiri tsarin don dalilan soja don ɗaga masu lura a filin daga. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi jiragen ƙasa na manyan kites waɗanda aka rataye kwandon, daga kite ko zarenta, don ɗaukar mai lura. Sun kasance sun yi nasara ko lessasa, amma a ƙarshe balloons ɗin sun fi tasiri. Tsarin da yake da mafi yawan damar, wanda har ma da Navy da Army na Birtaniyya suka ɗauka, shine wanda yayi amfani da kite ɗin da majagaban jirgin sama Samuel Franklin Cody (XNUMX) ya tsara, wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwayoyin Hargrave biyu masu haɗe da juna kuma suka samar dasu kusurwa masu kusurwa.

A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 1907, Alexander Graham Bell ya yi gwaji tare da kites don ƙirƙirar inji mai tashi wanda za'a iya sarrafa shi. Ya gina manya-manyan tauraron dan adam wanda ya kunshi adadi mai yawa na sel hudu. A cikin 3.393 ya gina ɗayan ƙwayoyin 50 waɗanda, da aka ja da jirgin kwale-kwale, ya tashi mita 1909 sama da matakin ƙasa. Sauran manyan gine-gine masu hawa huɗu, waɗanda ke dauke da injin, ba su ba da sakamakon da ake so ba, don haka a cikin XNUMX, ya fi son sadaukar da kansa ga wasu ayyukan.

Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Injiniyan nan Ba'amurke Francis Rogallo ya haɓaka kite wanda ya buɗe hanyar zuwa sabon fasalin da aka sani da sassauƙan yanayi, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar mallakar sifofinsa sakamakon haɗuwa da aikin iska da tsarin filaye shida. NASA ta kasance da sha'awar ra'ayin Rogallo, wanda ya shirya amfani da shi azaman parachut a cikin sake shigar matuka sararin samaniya. Masu hawan rataye na yanzu da kites tsinke tsaka-tsakin sakamako biyu ne na waɗannan binciken.

A cikin 1963, Ba'amurken nan Domina C. Jalbert ya sami wahayi daga reshen jirginsa don tsara kite mai sassauci (parafoil) wanda ke da dukkan fa'idodi na ka'idoji masu saurin fuka-fukai, tunda kite din ba ya bukatar sanda, kuma ya sami nasa fasali da taurin jirgi ta hanyar jakunkuna na ciki waɗanda iska da iska, wanda ya ba ta sifar reshe na babban kwanciyar hankali da ƙarfin ɗagawa.

A zamanin yau bayyanar kite mai waya biyu, uku da huɗu da kitsen jan goge sun sanya ya zama sananne, a matsayin wasa da kuma fun.