Kites

ʻO nā ʻatikala, nā wikiō, nā loulou a me nā kumuwaiwai ma nā ʻano kites a me kā lākou hoʻohana.

Kūpaʻa, acrobatic, traction, KAP, a me nā mea lele

Mōʻaukala o nā kites

ʻOiai maopopo ʻole ke kumu, ua hānau ʻia nā kometa ma Kina ma mua o 2.500 mau makahiki i hala. Nui nā kaao e pili ana i kona kumu: he pāpale ʻohe o kahi mahiʻai i hāpai ʻia e ka makani, ka peʻa o ka moku a i ʻole ka hana a ka mea akeakamai ʻo Mo Ti, nāna i kūkulu kahi lupe i ke ʻano o kahi manu e lele ana no ʻekolu mau lā. e like me nā manu

ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā kites lele he hana hoʻoikaika no ka poʻe Kina. Akā, ma waho o kēia mau leʻaleʻa a me nā hana haipule, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kites - e like me kā lākou e hana ai ma Polinesia i mau makahiki ma hope aku - ma ke ʻano he mea lawaiʻa, nākiʻi ʻana i ka lou me kahi maunu i kahi lupe i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma hope mai kahi moku, e akahele ana i kahi ka hāmeʻa ma kahi mamao kūpono mai ke aka i hoʻolei ʻia e ka moku e hoʻopunipuni i ka iʻa.

Ua ʻike pū ka Pākē i nā noi pūʻali koa i kēia mea, i lilo ia i hōʻailona ma ke kahua kaua, a ana i ka mamao i kahi hoʻomoana kaua ʻia, a i loko o kekahi mau moʻolelo moʻolelo ua ʻōlelo ʻia aia kekahi mau kāne i lele i loko o kēia mau mea i hoʻopuni ʻia.

Hoʻonui ʻia ka lupe mai Kina a puni kāna wahi o ka mana; no laila, ʻike ʻia ia ma nā ʻāina Hikina Hema e like me Korea, ka Archipelago Malay, Indonesia a me Burma, a ma Iapana a me India nō hoʻi. ʻAʻole maopopo ia ka wā o kēia hoʻonui ʻia ʻana, akā inā paha e hana ʻia i loko o kahi manawa pōkole, ʻoiai e hoʻomaka koke ana ka lupe ma Polinesia, a kaulana a hiki i ka hikina a hiki i Easter Island. Pēlā nō, ma o ʻĀnia, hele aʻe ia i ke komohana a i ka ʻĀkia ʻAlapia a me ʻApelika ʻĀkau.

Ma ʻEulopa ʻike ʻia ka lupe ma mua o ke kenekulia XNUMX i ʻekolu mau ala: ka hoʻouka kaua Mongol, nā ala kalepa ma o ka Cape of Good Hope a me nā pilina me ka honua Arab. Hoʻomaka ka moʻolelo ʻEulopa o ka lupe me nā mea i kapa ʻia ʻo Dracos a i ʻole nā ​​mea hopu makani e like me ka deragona i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he hae i nā lā hope o ka Emepaea Roma. ʻO kēia mau mea i loaʻa i kahi ʻeke cylindrical, ākea ākea i kū i ke ʻano o kahi deragona a i ʻole kekahi holoholona kupanaha a paʻa ʻia i nakinaki ʻia ma luna o kahi kia. I ka piha ʻana o ka lewa, huʻohu, e lele ana i ka makani ma luna o nā holo lio i ke kaua. ʻO kāna kumu e hoʻoweliweli i ka ʻenemi i ke kaua a hana ma ke ʻano he lei a i ʻole nā ​​peni e hiki ai i nā poʻe pana pua ke ʻike i ke ʻano o ka makani.

E like me ke kenekulia 1405, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o kahi lupe e like me nā deragona i nā palapala like ʻole o ka manawa, e like me ka puke paʻi a Conrad Kieser e pili ana i ka ʻenehana pūʻali Bellefortis (1430) a i ʻole kahi puke mai ka 1752 i mālama ʻia ma Vienna. Akā ma ka hopena o ka ʻumikūmāhiku kenekulia ke kaulana a kaulana loa ka lupe ma waena o ʻEulopa, ʻoiai kaupalena ʻia i nā keiki, ma ke ʻano he leʻaleʻa a i ʻole nā ​​hōʻike pyrotechnic. ʻAʻole i ʻike ʻia kona hiki ʻepekema a hiki i ke kenekulia XNUMX, koe wale nō kekahi o nā hoʻokolohua undocumented na ʻO Isaac Newton e pili ana i nā ʻano geometric o nā ʻano lupe. ʻO kekahi ʻepekema ʻē aʻe i hoʻokolohua me nā kometa ʻO Benjamin Franklin ka mea, i kekahi lā ʻino i Iune XNUMX, ke hana nei i nā hoʻokolohua me ka uila. Ke hāpai aʻe ʻo ia i kāna "kite uila" kaulana i ka lewa me kahi kī i pili i ke aho, ua ʻike ʻo ia ua hana ʻia nā hoʻokuʻu uila, i ʻae iā ia e hōʻike i ke ʻano o ka uila a laila kūkulu i ka lāʻau uila.

ʻOiai kēia mau mea ma mua, ʻaʻole i hoʻohana mau ʻia nā kites e hāpai i nā mea kani i nā meteorological observations a hiki i ka 1891 kenekulia. Mai kēia manawa i hana ʻia nā mea hou a William A. Eddy (1894) a me L. Hargrave (XNUMX), kahi i kū ai kahi kipi e pili ana i ka hoʻohana ʻia i ke aʻo ʻana i ka lewa. Ua hana ka mea mua i kahi lupe maʻa mau me ka kaula o ka stringer e hana i kahi kihi dihedral, i ʻae iā ia e lele me ka ʻole o kahi huelo; ʻo ka lupe a ka lua, he ʻano ʻekolu dimensional me nā pahu ʻelua i pili i kekahi me nā piko hāmama.

I ka hopena o ka 1903 a me ke kenekulia XNUMX mau kenekulia, kūlike me ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka mokulele, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā ʻōnaehana no nā pūʻali koa e hāpai i nā mea nānā ma ke kahua kaua. ʻO kēia mau kaʻaahi o nā kites nui kahi i kau ʻia ai ka hīnaʻi, mai ka lupe a me kāna aho, e hale ai ka mea nānā. Ua ʻoi aku a i ʻole kūleʻa paha lākou, akā i ka hopena ua ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o nā baluna. ʻO ka ʻōnaehana i loaʻa nā mea hiki ke loaʻa, lawe ʻia e ka British Navy a me ka Pūʻali, ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana i ka lupe i hoʻolālā ʻia e ka paionia o ka mokulele ʻo Samuel Franklin Cody (XNUMX), nona nā ʻelua Hargrave pūnaewele i hoʻopili ʻia i kekahi i kekahi a hāʻawi ʻia ʻeheu kihi.

I nā makahiki he ʻumi ma mua o ke kenekulia 1907, ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Alexander Graham Bell me nā kites e hoʻomohala i kahi mīkini lele i hiki ke mālama ʻia. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i nā kometa nunui i hana ʻia e nā lehulehu o nā keena tetrahedral. I 3.393 ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kekahi o 50 mau pūnaewele i, kauō ʻia me kahi mokuahi, piʻi 1909 mika ma luna o ka pae honua. ʻO nā kūkulu tetrahedral nui ʻē aʻe, i lako me ka motika, ʻaʻole i hāʻawi i ka hopena i makemake ʻia, no laila ma XNUMX, makemake ʻo ia e hoʻolaʻa iā ia iho i nā hana ʻē aʻe.

Ma hope o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua hoʻomohala ka ʻenekinia ʻAmelika ʻo Francis Rogallo i kahi lupe e wehe i ke ala i ke kinona hou i ʻike ʻia ʻo semi-loli, i ʻike ʻia e ka loaʻa ʻana o kona kinona mahalo i ka hui pū ʻana o ka hana a ka makani a me kahi ʻōnaehana o ʻeono mau piʻo. Ua hoihoi ʻo NASA i ko Rogallo manaʻo, āna i hoʻolālā ai e hoʻohana ma ke ʻano he parachute i ka reentry o space capsules. ʻO nā gliders hang a me nā kites stunt laina ʻelua mau hopena i kēia mau noiʻi.

I ka makahiki 1963, ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka American Domina C. Jalbert e ka ʻēheu o kāna mokulele e hoʻolālā i kahi lupe (parafoil) i loaʻa nā pono āpau o nā loina aerodynamic o nā ʻēheu ʻoʻoleʻa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono ka lupe i kekahi koʻokoʻo, a ua hoʻokō ʻia kāna ke ʻano a me ka rigidity lele ma o nā ʻeke kūloko i hoʻonui ʻia me ka makani, nāna i hāʻawi i kahi ʻēheu o ke kūpaʻa nui a me ka ikaika hāpai.

I kēia mau lā ke ʻano o nā kites stunt ʻelua, ʻekolu a ʻehā ʻehā a me nā kites traction i hoʻohanohano ʻia, ma ke ʻano he haʻuki a leʻaleʻa hoʻi.