Kites

Zolemba, makanema, maulalo ndi zothandizira pamitundu yosiyanasiyana yama kites ndi momwe amagwiritsira ntchito.

Malo amodzi, okhwima, oterera, KAP, ndi zina zambiri.

Mbiri ya ma kites

Ngakhale chiyambi chawo sichidziwika, ma kite akuyenera kuti adabadwira ku China zaka zopitilira 2.500 zapitazo. Pali nthano zingapo zakomwe zidachokera: chipewa cha nsungwi cha mlimi chotengeka ndi mphepo, zoyendetsa sitima kapena mwina ntchito ya wafilosofi Mo Ti, yemwe adapanga kaiti ngati mbalame yomwe idawuluka masiku atatu ngati mbalame

Chowonadi ndichakuti ma kite akuuluka anali machitidwe osinkhasinkha kwa achi China. Koma, kuphatikiza pazosangalatsazi kapena zachipembedzo, ma kite adagwiritsidwa ntchito - monga momwe amachitiranso ku Polynesia patapita zaka - ngati zida zowedza, ndikumangirira mbedza kayi yomwe idatulutsidwa m'bwatomo, kusamala kuyika kachipangizoko patali ndi mthunzi wopangidwa ndi bwato kuti anyenge nsomba.

Anthu aku China adapezanso ntchito zankhondo pachinthu ichi, chomwe chingakhale kuyambira pakulemba pa malo omenyera nkhondo, kuyeza kutalika kwa msasa womwe wazunguliridwa ndipo, ngakhale, m'mabuku ena akuti padali amuna omwe amayenda motsatira izi m'mizinda yomwe yazingidwa.

Kaiti imachokera ku China kudera lonse lamphamvu; chifukwa chake, imapezeka m'maiko akumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia monga Korea, Malay Archipelago, Indonesia ndi Burma, komanso ku Japan ndi India. Sizikudziwika kuti kufutukuka kumeneku kunachitika liti, koma ngati zikuyenera kuchitika munthawi yochepa chabe, chifukwa chakuti khawiti posachedwa imayamba kufalikira ku Polynesia, mpaka kumadera akum'mawa monga chilumba cha Easter. Momwemonso, kudzera ku India, imafalikira chakumadzulo ku Arabia Peninsula ndi North Africa.

Ku Europe kaiti idadziwika isanafike zaka za zana la XNUMX m'njira zitatu: kuwukira kwa a Mongol, njira zamalonda kudzera ku Cape of Good Hope komanso kulumikizana ndi mayiko achiarabu. Mbiri yaku Europe ya kaiti imayambira ndi omwe amatchedwa Dracos kapena ogwira mphepo ooneka ngati chinjoka omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zikwangwani m'masiku omaliza a Ufumu wa Roma. Zinthu izi zinali ndi thumba lamilomo yayikulu, lokhala ndi milomo yayikulu yomwe imawoneka ngati chinjoka kapena nyama ina yosangalatsa ndipo imavalidwa pamwamba pa mlongoti. Mukadzaza ndi mpweya udafufuma, ukuwombera mphepo pamwamba pa okwera pamahatchi pankhondo. Cholinga chake chinali kuchititsa mdani kunkhondo komanso kuchita ngati cholembera kapena mkanda womwe umalola oponya mivi kudziwa komwe mphepo ikuyenda.

Koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 1405, kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane kaiti yooneka ngati chinjoka kumapezeka m'malemba osiyanasiyana a nthawiyo, monga nkhani ya Conrad Kieser yokhudza ukadaulo wankhondo Bellefortis (1430) kapena pamanja pamanja ya 1752 yosungidwa ku Vienna. Koma ndikumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi chisanu ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri pamene mpiti umakhala wotchuka kwambiri ku Europe konse, ngakhale kumangokhala kwa ana, monga zosangalatsa kapena zophulitsira moto. Kuthekera kwake kwasayansi sikunadziwike mpaka m'zaka za zana la XNUMX, kupatula zoyesayesa zina zosainidwa ndi Isaac Newton pazamaonekedwe amiyala. Wasayansi wina yemwe adayesa ma comets anali a Benjamin Franklin omwe, tsiku lamkuntho mu Juni XNUMX, anali kuyesa mayeso ndi magetsi. Atakweza "kite yamagetsi" yotchuka kumwamba ndi kiyi wolumikizidwa ndi chingwecho, adapeza kuti kutulutsa kwamagetsi kumapangidwa, komwe kumamulola kuwonetsa mphezi kenako ndikupanga ndodo ya mphezi.

Ngakhale izi zidachitika, ma kite sanagwiritsidwe ntchito pafupipafupi kukweza zida zowonera mpaka zaka za 1891th. Zomwe William A. Eddy (1894) ndi L. Hargrave (XNUMX) adapanga (XNUMX) kuyambira nthawi imeneyi, zomwe zidabweretsa kusintha pakugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuphunzira zakuthambo. Yoyamba idapanga kaiti yodziwika bwino ndi chingwe chomangidwa ndi arched kuti chikhale gawo la dihedral, lomwe limalola kuti iwuluke popanda mchira; kaiti yachiwiri inali yamakona atatu yopangidwa ndi mabokosi awiri olumikizidwa ndi mnzake ndi zotseguka.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1903 ndi koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha ndege, makina adapangidwa kuti azitha kukonzekeretsa owonera pankhondo. Izi zinali ndi masitima a ma kiti akuluakulu omwe dengu limapachikidwapo, kuyambira pakaiti kapena chingwe chake, kuti azisunga wowonayo. Adachita bwino pang'ono, koma pamapeto pake mabaluni anali othandiza kwambiri. Makina omwe anali ndi mwayi wambiri, ngakhale ovomerezedwa ndi gulu lankhondo laku Britain ndi Asitikali, ndi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kite yopangidwa ndi mpainiya wapaulendo Samuel Franklin Cody (XNUMX), yomwe inali ndimaselo awiri a Hargrave olumikizirana ndikupereka mawonekedwe mapiko.

M'zaka khumi zoyambirira za m'ma 1907, Alexander Graham Bell adayesa ma kite kuti apange makina owuluka omwe amatha kusungidwa. Anamanga ma comets akulu opangidwa ndi maselo ambiri a tetrahedral. Mu 3.393 adamanga imodzi mwamaselo 50 omwe, atakokedwa ndi steamboat, adakwera mita 1909 pamwamba pa nthaka. Zomangamanga zina zazikuluzikulu, zokhala ndi mota, sizinapereke zotsatira zake, chifukwa chake, mu XNUMX, adadzipereka kuchita ntchito zina.

Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, mainjiniya aku America a Francis Rogallo adapanga kaiti yomwe idakonza njira yopangira mawonekedwe atsopano otchedwa semi-flexible, omwe amadziwika pakupeza mawonekedwe ake chifukwa chothandizidwa ndi mphepo komanso makina azinthu zisanu ndi chimodzi. NASA idachita chidwi ndi lingaliro la Rogallo, lomwe adafuna kukaligwiritsa ntchito ngati parachute pakubwezeretsanso ma kapisozi amlengalenga. Ma glider apano ndi ma kite awiri okhala ndi mizere iwiri ndizotsatira ziwiri za kufufuzaku.

Mu 1963, American Domina C. Jalbert adalimbikitsidwa ndi phiko la ndege yake kuti apange kite (parafoil) yomwe inali ndi zabwino zonse za mapiko okhwima, chifukwa kite sanafune ndodo iliyonse, ndipo adakwanitsa mawonekedwe ndi kukhazikika kwa ndege kudzera m'matumba amkati omwe amadzaza ndi mphepo, zomwe zidawapangitsa mapiko kukhala olimba komanso olimba.

Masiku ano mawonekedwe a ma kite awiri, atatu ndi anayi amata waya komanso ma kite otchinga awapangitsa kukhala otchuka ngati masewera komanso osangalatsa.