Kutsutsa nthano zamphamvu za nyukiliya ndi Alfredo García @OperadorNuclear
Ndi buku lomveka bwino komanso lodziwika bwino lomwe Alfredo García amatiwonetsa maziko a sayansi ndi uinjiniya kumbuyo kwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi mafakitale amagetsi a nyukiliya.
M'buku lonseli tiphunzira momwe ma radioactivity amagwirira ntchito, mitundu ya ma radiation, magawo ndi magwiridwe antchito amagetsi a nyukiliya komanso njira zachitetezo ndi njira zotsatirira.
Bukhuli ndi kubetcha kwa wolemba kwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya ngati mphamvu yoyera yoti agwiritse ntchito ngati maziko komanso mogwirizana ndi magwero ena ongowonjezedwanso.
Gawo la radioactivity ndi becquerel polemekeza wasayansi waku France Henri Becquerel, wotulukira radioactivity. Becquerel imodzi (1 Bq) ndi yofanana ndi kutha kwa atomiki ku sekondi imodzi.
Kuwonongeka kwa thupi la munthu ndi mlingo wa ionizing radiation. mlingo womwewo umayambitsa kuwonongeka kosiyana malinga ndi mtundu wa ma radiation. Mlingo wa radiation umayesedwa mu sievert (Sv) yomwe ndi gawo lalikulu kwambiri, chifukwa chake ma millisieverts ndi ma microsieverts amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
mitundu ya ma radiation
Ma radiation a beta: Ma electron kapena ma positroni mwa kupasuka kwa ma protoni ndi ma neutroni
Neutron radiation: Manyutroni aulere
Ma cheza a Gamma ndi X-ray: Mafunde a electromagnetic (zithunzi) amphamvu kwambiri
Ma radiation a alpha: Nuclei ya maatomu a helium okhala ndi ma neutroni awiri ndi ma protoni awiri.
Orders of Manitude
Izi ndi zina zomwe zafotokozedwa m'bukuli ndipo zitithandiza kukhala ndi dongosolo la kukula tikamalankhula za radiation ndi radioactivity.
X-ray ya dzanja imapanga mlingo wa radioactive wa 0,0001 mSv
Ma radiation olandiridwa ndi anthu mwachilengedwe, 2,4 mSv chaka. Ndi chilengedwe cha radioactive maziko.
Kuchuluka kwa khansa kumapezeka kuchokera ku 100 mSv / chaka
Kuwala kwa cosmic kuchokera kumlengalenga ndi gawo lalikulu la cheza cha ionizing. mlingo wapakati ndi 0,39 mSv chaka
Ma radiation ofunikira achilengedwe ndi gasi wa radon (Rn-222) ku Spain, mulingo wapakati pa 1,15 ndi 40 mSv/chaka akuyerekezeredwa kutengera dera lomwe tikukhala.
Kudyetsa kumapereka pafupifupi 0,29 mSv/chaka, motero potaziyamu-40 imapereka 0,17. Zakudya zam'nyanja zimakhala ndi ma radioactivity ambiri komanso nthochi.
Avereji ya mlingo wa munthu aliyense m'dziko la UNSCEAR laumoyo I ndi 1,28 mSv/chaka ndi ma X-ray ndi mankhwala a nyukiliya.
Mabungwe ndi acronyms
Mabungwe ndi ma acronyms onena za mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi ukadaulo wa nyukiliya
ONSE: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Raciation :
CSN (Nuclear Safety Council): Ndi bungwe loyang'anira magetsi a nyukiliya ndi ma radioactive ku Spain.
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
NRC (Nuclear Regulatory Commission) ndi American
Chithunzi cha OSART (Gulu Lowunika Chitetezo Chogwira Ntchito)
WNA (World Nuclear Association)
WANO (World Association of Nuclear Operators)
INPO (Institute of Nuclear Power Operator)
ARN (Nuclear Risk Insurer) Malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya ali ndi inshuwaransi.
AGNES mogwirizana ndi mayina awo (International Scale of Nuclear Events): imachokera ku 0 mpaka 7. Miyezo itatu yoyamba kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 3 ndizochitika komanso kuchokera ku 4 mpaka ku 7 ngozi.
ENRESA
Mapulani a Radioactive Waste General Plan
GIF (International Forum of the IV Generation)
malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya
Mtundu wofala kwambiri wa zida zanyukiliya ndi PWR, madzi opanikizidwa. Ili ndi ma 3 hydraulic water circuits. Yoyamba kuziziritsa kutentha kwapangidwa ndi riyakitala, yachiwiri kuziziritsa pulayimale ndi kupeza nthunzi kusuntha turbine ndi tertiary kuti kuziziritsa yachiwiri ndi madzi mtsinje kapena nyanja.
Dera loyambira ndi radioactive, koma limasindikizidwa, silimasakanikirana ndi lachiwiri. The riyakitala mafuta ndi ndodo, 264 mu PWR Westinghouse riyakitala kuyeza 20 × 20 centimita ndi 4 mamita mkulu. Amagwira ntchito ndi 152 atmospheres of pressure ndi madzi amadzimadzi pa 300ºC
Maphunziro apamwamba amasinthanitsa madzi ndi chilengedwe. Palibe ma radioactivity, koma amawonjezera kutentha kwa madzi. Pamakhala chiwonjezeko chatsiku ndi tsiku cha 3ºC pakati pa malo olowera madzi kupita ku mbewu ndi potuluka madzi omwewo.
Zinsanja zazikulu zomwe mukuwona ndi nsanja zoziziritsa
bwr
Mtundu wachiwiri wochuluka kwambiri wa reactor ndi BWR madzi otentha riyakitala. Nthunziyo imapangidwa mu riyakitala yomweyo ndipo imatengedwa molunjika ku turbine, zonse mkati mwa dera loyambirira. Ndikusintha pamachitidwe, koma makina onse ali m'dera la radioactive.
Malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya sangathe kuphulika ngati bomba la atomiki. Chifukwa mafuta opangira magetsi amalemeretsedwa ndi 2 - 5% uranium-235 pomwe kuti ma chain reaction apangidwe ngati bomba la atomiki, kulemeretsa kopitilira 90% ya misa yovuta ikufunika.
Mu PWR machitidwe a unyolo amayendetsedwa ndi ndodo zowongolera ndi boric acid yomwe imasungunuka m'madzi. Ndodo zimakhala ndi mayamwidwe apamwamba a neutroni BWRs amangokhala ndi ndodo zowongolera
ozizira nsanja
Ndizinthu zodziwika bwino kwambiri zamafakitale opangira mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi magetsi otenthetsera. Ndi machumuni akulu, omwe amathandizadi kuziziritsa nthunzi, ndi zotenthetsera zomwe zimalola kuti madzi abwerere kumalo ake (mtsinje, nyanja) mkati mwa kutentha kololedwa kwa 3ºC.
Amakhala ndi kukula kozungulira 150 m kutalika
Madzi amafuta ndi Cherenkov radiation
Ndizochitika zakuthupi zomwe zimachitika muzinthu zamafuta zomwe zimatulutsa kuwala kwa buluu. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapangidwa ndi mafuta ogwiritsidwa ntchito, omwe amayenda mwachangu kuposa kuwala m'madzi ndipo timatha kuwona kuwala kokongola kwa bluish.
Pamlingo wa ogwiritsa ntchito, amapezeka muzowunikira utsi, mawotchi ena owala-mu-mdima, utoto wa fulorosenti, ndi zina zotero. Zomwe zimawala nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito tritium yomwe imakhala ndi radioactive.
Mankhwala a nucellar amaphatikizapo ma radiographs kapena zithunzi za radiological, radiopharmaceuticals, positron emission tomography (PET), radioimmunoassay, ndi chithandizo chamankhwala.
Ngozi
Atatu odziwika bwino ndi
Three Mile Island (TMI)
Malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya ku Pennsylvania USA Gawo lachiwiri linalephera ndipo mapampu amadzi obweretsa madzi ku makina opangira nthunzi analephera. Kotero kuti chitsenderezo choyambirira chinakwera kwambiri. Mafuta ambiri a haidrojeni adapangidwa, koma mwamwayi sanaphulike. 4% ya matani 62 apakati azinthu adasungunuka, koma zonse zidatsekeredwa m'chombo. kotero panalibe kuipitsidwa kwa radioactive.
Chernobyl
Wodziwika bwino, wokhala ndi mndandanda wake pa Netflix. M'bukuli muli mutu wonse womwe ukusanthula mndandanda ndi zonse zomwe zidanenedwa zabwino kapena zolakwika zokhudzana ndi ngoziyo. Kuwerenga kwabwino ngati mwawona kapena mukuwona.
Ngozi ya ku Chernobyl inachitika ndi mtundu wina wa riyakitala RBMK Reaktor Bolshoy Moshchnosti Kanalnyy chiteshi champhamvu champhamvu kwambiri. Iwo ali ndi padera kuti pamene kutentha kumakwera, mphamvu ya riyakitala imawonjezeka, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kulamulira pakachitika ngozi, mosiyana ndi ma PWR reactors, omwe amachepetsa mphamvu pa kutentha kwakukulu.
Chinyengo chodziwika bwino ndichakuti Chernobyl sadzakhalamo kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, koma sizili choncho, m'malo mwake, maulendo otsogozedwa m'derali akuchitika kale ndi njira zotetezera.
Fukushima
Pa March 11, 2011, chivomezi champhamvu 9 chitatha ku gombe la Japan, tsunami inawononga fakitale yopangira magetsi ya Fukushima Daiichi. Idataya majenereta ake a dizilo ndipo panali kuphulika kwa haidrojeni komwe kumatulutsa zida zotulutsa ma radio mu chilengedwe.
Palibe kufa kwa radioactivity. Anthu a 100.000 adasamutsidwa ndipo malinga ndi kafukufuku wa IZA, kuzizira kwa anthu othawa kwawo kunachititsa kuti 1280 aphedwe kuposa ngati panalibe anthu othawa kwawo.
Zinyalala
Polankhula za mphamvu ya nyukiliya pali mantha awiri akuluakulu. Ena amaopa ngozi ndipo wina amaopa choti achite ndi zinyalalazo.
Mitundu ya zinyalala za radioactive
RBBA: Zinyalala zotsika kwambiri, zimachokera ku kugwetsedwa kwa malo opangira magetsi a nyukiliya ndipo zidzasiya kukhala ndi radioactive m'zaka 5
Mtengo RBMA: Zowonongeka zapang'onopang'ono ndi zapakati: ndi zovala zantchito, zida, zida zamankhwala, ndi zida zochokera kumafakitale ena. Ili ndi theka la moyo wa zaka 30.
RAA: Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa ntchito. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira mafuta opangira magetsi a nyukiliya. Ndi theka la moyo wa zaka zoposa 30, nthawi zina zaka masauzande.
ATI: masitolo osakhalitsa payekha. Iwo zachokera zotengera kusunga youma. Sali manda a nyukiliya, amagwira ntchito pakati pa zaka 60 ndi 100.
ATC idakhazikitsa nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zosakhalitsa. Zimathandizira kuti mafuta a nyukiliya asungidwe bwino mpaka yankho lotsimikizika litapezeka. Mutha kuzikonzanso kapena kuzitumiza ku APG
AGP yakuya, malo osungiramo zinthu zakale. Yesetsani kupewa kusiya mibadwo yamtsogolo udindo wosamalira zinyalala. APG ikasindikizidwa sifunikanso kukonza kapena kuyang'aniridwa.
kukonzanso mafuta a nyukiliya
Pali matekinoloje obwezeretsanso ndikugwiritsanso ntchito mafuta, ngakhale kuti sanagwire bwino ntchito, m'badwo wa 4 jenereta pafupifupi mafuta onse adzagwiritsidwa ntchito, akuganiza kuti mpaka 97% m'malo mwa 5% yapano.
Malingana ngati pali mafuta a MOX osakaniza a uranium ndi plutonium. Amapangidwa kuchokera ku plutonium yobwezeretsedwa kuchokera kumafuta omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Imagwiranso ntchito pokonzanso plutonium kuchokera ku bomba la atomiki.
REMIX, mafutawa amapangidwa kuchokera ku uranium wokonzedwanso ndi plutonium kuchokera kumafuta osinthidwanso. Itha kubwezeredwanso pamtengo wa 100% mu ma reactor apano a VVER-1000 mpaka kasanu.
Mphamvu za nyukiliya ku Spain
Pali mutu wapadera wa nyukiliya ku Spain ndi ndale zonse za dzikolo. Koma sinditolera kalikonse. Amene akufuna kudziwa zambiri awerenge ndikufufuza za kuyimitsidwa kwa nyukiliya.
Mphamvu za nyukiliya padziko lonse lapansi
10% ya magetsi padziko lonse lapansi amapangidwa ndi zida za nyukiliya 442. Mu 2018, 2563TWh idapangidwa
Mayiko omwe akubetcha kwambiri mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi kulengedwa kwa zomera mtsogolomu ndi China, India, Russia, United States, Saudi Arabia, Japan, South Africa, ndi Turkey, komanso Poland ndi United Kingdom.
WNA yakonza pulogalamu ya Harmony, kuti ipange 25% ya magetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi mphamvu ya nyukiliya pofika 2050.
Mafakitale opangira magetsi a nyukiliya azaka 40 sanathe moyo wawo. Nthawi imeneyo ndi moyo wake wopangidwa, ndiye kuti, zomwe ziyenera kukhalapo, koma moyo wake wothandiza ndi umene ungathe kupirira muzochitika zabwino, ndi zipangizo ndi matekinoloje amatha kupangidwanso, zomwe pamodzi ndi kukonza kukonza y zopewetsaAmawapangitsa kukhala otalika kwambiri.
Kupereka Uranium
Uranium ndi yofala ngati malata kapena zinki, imapezeka m'miyala (nthawi zambiri granite), m'nthaka, ndi madzi a m'nyanja.
Mayiko omwe ali ndi chuma chodziwika bwino ndi Australia (39%), Kazakhstan (14%), Canada (8%), Russia (8%) kenako maiko monga Namibia, South Africa, China, Niger kapena Brazil.
Ma reactors 450 padziko lonse lapansi okhala ndi mphamvu ya 400GwE amafunikira matani 65.000 pachaka.
Kuphatikiza pa phosphate ndi ma deposits asomwe padziko lapansi, njira yochotsa uranium m'madzi a m'nyanja ikuphunziridwa. kumene akuti pali matani 4000 miliyoni a uranium yosungunuka. Zokwanira mphamvu zikwi zikwi za zida za nyukiliya zaka 100.000
Thorium
Mu 1828 Jöns Jakob Berzelius anapeza chinthu chatsopano, Thorium, chotchedwa Thor, mulungu wa bingu wa Norse. Mu 1898 Gerhard Schmidt ndi Marie Curie adapeza kuti Thorium anali ndi radioactive.
Th-232 imawola pang'onopang'ono, theka la moyo wake ndi zaka 14.000 biliyoni. Ndi ochepa kwambiri radioactive. Tori oxide (ThO2) kapena torianite ili ndi imodzi mwamalo osungunuka kwambiri a 3350ºC, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagetsi owunikira, nyali zamagesi, ma elekitirodi owotcherera, zoumba, ndi zina zambiri.
India ili ndi Thorium yambiri.
Koma siwophwanyika, simathyoka pamene nyutroni igundana nayo. Chifukwa chake simungagwiritse ntchito choyatsira nyukiliya mwachindunji, koma poyamwa nyutroni imasinthira ku U-233 yomwe imatha kugwedezeka.
Ubwino wa Thorium ndikuti pali zambiri, siziyenera kulemetsedwa ndipo zimapanga zinyalala zochepa. Koma kupanga mafuta okwera mtengo
SMR Small Modular Reactors
Ma SMR (Small modulate Reactor) ndi omwe akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito mu sitima zapamadzi.Ndizosavuta kuzipanga motsatizana, zonyamula, ndi zina zotere. Zimaphatikiza machitidwe onse kuti azigwira ntchito okha.
Amapangidwa ndi NuScale Power ku US. Amayeza 23m x 4,5m m'mimba mwake ndikupatsa 50Mwe mphamvu.
Ku Argentina, CAREM (Central Argentina de Elementos Modulares) ikupangidwa
Ku Russia, KLT-40S imagwiritsidwa ntchito, ku Europe IRIS ndi ku China cholumikizira bedi la pellet, choyendetsedwa ndi graphite. Japan ikugwira ntchito yopangira 200Mwe HTRP-PM reactor.
ma reactor atsopano
6 matekinoloje atsopano, pafupifupi onse okhala ndi mafuta otsekedwa, amayerekezera kuti 97% yamafuta idzagwiritsidwa ntchito poyerekeza ndi 5% yomwe ilipo.
Zinayi mwa mapangidwewo zimagwiritsa ntchito ma neutroni othamanga.
Kwa firiji amagwiritsa ntchito madzi abwinobwino, 2 ozizira ndi helium, ogre ndi sodium, wina ndi fluorine ndi wina ndi lead.
LFR Yotsogola Yokhazikika Yokhazikika Mwachangu
Hydrogen ndi vector yamagetsi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga mphamvu.
Ntchito yomwe ikuyembekeza kwambiri ndi ITER, makina oyesera a nyukiliya ku France. Cholinga chake choyamba ndikupeza plasma mu 2025, the tokamak kuchokera ku ITER, ndi mamita 19 m’lifupi ndi mamita 11 m’mwamba ndipo amalemera pafupifupi matani 5000. Cholinga chake ndi kupanga 500MW kuchokera ku mphamvu yotentha ya 50MW. Ndi kuchedwa kwa kupanga ndi kumanga pakali pano ikuyenera kubwera pa intaneti mu 2040
Maziko a kusakanikirana ndi kuti timapereka mphamvu zambiri kuti 8 maatomu a haidrojeni agwirizane, apange heliamu ndi mphamvu zambiri zimatulutsidwa mwa mawonekedwe a kuwala ndi kutentha ndi particles.
Fusion imasokonezedwa ndi mphamvu zonyansa za electrostatic zapakati. Kupeza ma atomu kuti agwirizane ndizovuta kwambiri.
Ukadaulo wokhoza kuphatikizira nyukiliya womwe ungakwaniritse, ndiukadaulo wamakono, ndikuphatikizana pakati pa deuterium ndi tritium, ma isotopu awiri a haidrojeni.
Titha kufikira kutentha kofunikira kwa kuphatikizika, gawo lachinyengo ndikutsekeredwa kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. 2 matekinoloje akugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kutsekeredwa kwa maginito kwa MFC, plasma imatsekeredwa mu gawo la maginito pamphamvu yotsika kwambiri ndikutenthedwa ndi kutentha kosungunuka. Njira yabwino kwambiri ndi toroidal reactors, reactor tokamak, koma ena ovuta kwambiri amafufuzidwanso nyenyezi.
kutsekeredwa m'ndende. matabwa a laser amayang'ana pamafuta ndikutenthetsa gawo lakunja lazinthu. zomwe zimaphulika popanikiza mkati. Mphamvu zomwe zimatulutsidwa zimatenthetsa kuphatikizika komwe kumatulutsa mafuta. Nthawi yofunikira kuti izi zichitike ndi yochepa ndi inertia ya mafuta.
