Pepala lobwezerezedwanso

Iyi ndi njira yosavuta ndipo pafupifupi pepala lililonse limatha kubwerezedwanso.

Mapepala olimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi awa:

• Mitundu yosalekeza (Yoyenera kwambiri popeza ndi yolimba chifukwa imakhala ndi ulusi wautali).
• Pepala labuluu logwiritsidwa ntchito kukulunga (pokhapokha ngati lili ndi ulusi wambiri wamatabwa),
• Matumba azipepala ndi maenvulopu.
• Pepalalo lasindikizidwa kale (ngakhale sikulangizidwa kuti mugwiritse ntchito zilizonse [1])
• Newsprint itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati voliyumu, bola ngati ikuphatikizidwa ndi zida zina.

Pewani mapepala onyezimira komanso onyezimira, chifukwa mwina atakutidwa ndi kaolin, zomwe zimatha kuyambitsa zigamba fumbi papepala.

Zosiyanasiyana:  

• Nsalu za thonje [2]
• Nsalu za masamba [3]

Zida:

• Wosakaniza
• Nkhaka zokwanira [4]
• Manyuzipepala
• Spatula

Ngati muli ndi chidwi ndi nkhaniyi, onani nkhani zathu kuti muphunzire momwe mungachitire pangani zojambulajambula komanso washi

Kukonzekera zamkati

Choyamba chotsani zotsalira zomatira, zingwe zachitsulo kapena china chilichonse chomwe chingawononge chomaliza kapena kuwononga ziwiya zogwirira ntchito. Kenako pakani pepalalo kukhala zidutswa za 3 cm2 ndikuziviika m'madzi usiku wonse (Ngati atanyowetsedwa kwanthawi yayitali, pepalalo limamasulidwa, koma sayenera kusiyidwa kupitirira sabata limodzi chifukwa limayamba kununkha) . Nthawi yolowerera imatha kufupikitsidwa ndikutsanulira madzi otentha pamapepala ndikuisiya kwa maora angapo, kapena itha kuphikidwanso mu chidebe chachikulu chosapanga dzimbiri kwa theka la ola. Kenako samizani pepala lonyowa pang'onopang'ono. Kuyambira ndi zidutswa pafupifupi 10-15 pa ¾ lita imodzi, ndiye mutha kuweruza kuchuluka kwa mapepala omwe mungasakanize bwino mgulu lililonse (Osakakamiza wopondereza momwe angawonongere ndipo pepala silingagawanike chimodzimodzi). Sakanizani mpaka palibe mapepala omwe amaimitsidwa m'matumbo, ndipo amakhala osasinthasintha komanso osakanikirana (Pewani kusakanikirana kwa nthawi yayitali, chifukwa chofupikitsa cha ulusi chidzakhala chosavuta kugwiritsira ntchito pepala).

Kusunga zamkati zotsalira

Zamkati zimatha kusungidwa, koma ngati zasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali zimayamba kutulutsa fungo loipa, chifukwa chake ziyenera kutsukidwa bwino musanazigwiritse ntchito, ngati zamkati zili zamphamvu kwambiri, onjezani bulitchi (bleach) ), imasiyidwa pafupifupi ola limodzi kenako ndiyeno imatsuka. Pofuna kupewa kuvunda, mutha kuwonjezera madontho angapo a formalin (kapena formaldehyde) pa lita imodzi yamadzi.

Kupanga masamba

Dzazani beseni ndi zamkati, kuti nkhungu ndi mawonekedwe athe kumizidwa mosavuta, koma osachepera masentimita 7 mpaka 8 pansi pa nthiti, apo ayi malo ogwirira ntchito adzazaza pamene nkhungu ndi nkhungu ziuma. Kenako sakanizani zamkati ndi dzanja kapena sambani ndi brush. Chitani izi mwachangu, zamkati zisanakhazikike pansi pa mphika. Nthawi yomweyo ikani mawonekedwewo pamwamba pa nkhungu, pambali ya thumba. Gwirani mwamphamvu ndikuwamiza mozungulira kutsidya lina la kabati. Pogwiritsa ntchito kayendedwe kabwino kwambiri, pendeketsani nkhunguyo mpaka yopingasa ndikuikokera kutsogolo kwa mphika mpaka utamizidwa. Kokani kuti mutenge zamkati. Kuyika nkhungu pamalo opingasa, kugwedeza mwachangu kuchokera mbali ndi kutsogolo ndi kutsogolo kumbuyo. Izi ziyenera kuchitika madzi onse asanatuluke ndipo zamkati zayamba kuuma. Izi zitha kutulutsa zamkati ndikubalalitsa ulusi, kuletsa kuti zonse zisakonzeredwe mbali imodzi. Pomaliza, gwirani nkhungu ndi mawonekedwe pamwamba pa kabati pang'ono okonda kukhetsa madzi owonjezera.

 Kuyanika

Kusiya nkhunguyo pamulu wa manyuzipepala, amatenga chinyezi cha nkhungu, chifukwa chake kuyenera kusintha. Mukakhetsa madzi ambiri poto ndi pepala, ndibwino kuti mupendekeke. Amatsamira khoma kapena mipando kuti amalize kuyanika, koma muyenera kusamala kuti zamkati ziume mokwanira, apo ayi zimatha kuterera. Pepalalo likauma kwathunthu, ikani mosamala spatula m'mbali mwake kuti mulekanitse pepalalo ndi nkhungu ndikusungunula mosamala pepala.

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ZOKHUDZA:

[1] Inki imatha kuchotsedwa poyika zamkati mwa yankho lokhala ndi supuni 2 za sopo wa malita 4 amadzi.

[2] Malonda a chamois amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito mukafuna kulemba pepala lalikulu. Kuti muchepetse mtengo, amatha kusakanizidwa ndi zobwezerezedwanso kapena zamkati zamasamba ndipo, pakadali pano, kilogalamu yokonzekera iyenera kutulutsa zokwanira. Ulusi wa nsanza za thonje ndi wautali kuposa wa mapepala obwezerezedwanso, komanso amawonjezera mphamvu ya pepala lopangidwa ndi manja. Izi zimawapangitsa kukhala othandiza makamaka pophatikizira pamapepala osakhwima a masamba. Kusintha nsanza za thonje kukhala zamkati, ingodulani chidutswa cha 15 cm2, chikhadzuleni ndi madzi okwanira lita imodzi. Zamkati, zomwe zatsala kwa mphindi zochepa kuti zimange madzi, ndi zokonzeka kugwiritsa ntchito.

[3] Sonkhanitsani pafupifupi magalamu 300 a ndiwo zamasamba monga masamba a nthochi, chinanazi, fodya, kapena china chilichonse ndikudula ndi lumo mu zidutswa pafupifupi 2 sentimita. Lembani kachiwiri kwa theka la tsiku (maola 12) ndikuwonjezera pafupifupi 25 magalamu a caustic soda, omwe kale anasungunuka m'madzi ozizira. Bweretsani ku chithupsa kwa maola atatu, ndikuyambitsa mphindi 20 zilizonse. Sambani ndi kutsuka bwino kwambiri. Sakanizani zitsulo zamasamba mofanana ndi pepala.   

[4] Nkhungu, mawonekedwe ndi makina osindikizira: izi ndi zinthu ziwiri zokha zomwe ziyenera kumangidwa kunyumba kapena kugula m'sitolo yodziwika ndi pepala lopangidwa ndi manja. Zina mwazida zofunikira zimapezeka mosavuta. Nkhungu ndi mawonekedwe ake ndi mafelemu osavuta amakona ofanana. Nkhungu imakhala ndi mauna pamwamba pake ndipo mawonekedwe alibe mauna. Zonsezi ndi sefa yosavuta. Kuti mupange pepala lathyathyathya, m'pofunika kulisunga likamauma. Makina osindikizira amatha kusinthidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mapepala awiri a Formica kapena ma slats awiri matabwa okhala ndi mapepala apulasitiki kuti asanyowe. Pamwamba pa atolankhani padzakhala zofunikira kuyika zinthu zolemera, zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito chinthu chilichonse chokometsera.

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ZINA ZOWONJEZERA

Ngakhale m'mbuyomu, mapepala anali kupezeka kuzomera zina (kuphatikizapo hemp momwe amapezamo selulosi wapamwamba kwambiri), zambiri zimapangidwa ndi mitengo. Mitengo ndi nkhalango zimatchinjiriza nthaka yosalimba ndikusunga mpweya wabwino mozungulira zamoyo zonse. Kuti mupange 1.000Kg yamapepala wamba, dziwe la malita 100.000 a madzi ndilofunika. Padziko lapansi, makampaniwa amadya mitengo pafupifupi 4 biliyoni chaka chilichonse, makamaka mitengo ya paini ndi bulugamu. Njira zamakono zopangira zamkati zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yapadera ya mitengoyi. Kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala ndi makatoni ku Argentina kumafikira 000kg pa munthu pachaka; ku United States, 42kg pa munthu pachaka, ndipo ku China ndi India 300kg pa munthu pachaka.

Mapepala otayidwa amatha kupukutidwa ndikugwiritsidwanso ntchito kangapo. Komabe, kuzungulira kulikonse, 15 mpaka 20 peresenti ya ulusi umakhala wocheperako kuti ungagwiritsidwe ntchito. Makampani opanga mapepala amakonzanso zonyansa zawo zomwe amatenga kuchokera kumakampani ena, monga opanga ma CD ndi osindikiza.

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MAFUNSO: 1 2 3 4

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