Ndi buku lowoneka bwino kwambiri, lomwe lili ndi mawonekedwe akulu komanso zithunzi zabwino kwambiri. Tsopano, zandifupikitsa malinga ndi zomwe zili. Aroma engineering engineering lolembedwa ndi Desperta Ferro Ediciones ndi olemba ake ndi Jean-Claude Golvin ndi Gerard Coulon.
N’zoona kuti ponse paŵiri kumayambiriro kwa mabuku ndi m’mawu omalizira amalongosola cholinga cha bukhulo, chimene chiri kusonyeza kutengapo mbali kwa gulu lankhondo la Roma m’ntchito zazikulu zapagulu (zomwe amangowonetsa ndi zitsanzo zenizeni zomwe ndikuganiza kuti sizongowonjezera). Choncho, bukuli, lomwe lagawidwa mu ntchito zazikulu za nthaka, ngalande, misewu, milatho, migodi ndi miyala, midzi ndi mizinda, limasonyeza zitsanzo za zomangamanga zamtundu uwu zomwe kutenga nawo mbali kwa magulu ankhondo kumalembedwa mwanjira ina.
Koma zonse ndi zazifupi kwambiri, mbali imodzi ndikadakonda kuti afufuze zaumisiri wamtundu wa zomangamanga, popeza ndizomwe zimangoperekedwa. M’lingaliro limeneli bukhulo landikhumudwitsa.
Kumbali ina, pali nkhani ya lingaliro lokhalokha. Ngakhale ndizowona kuti nthawi zonse amapeza mlandu womwe adatenga nawo gawo, sindikuganiza kuti ndizokwanira kuti athe kufotokozera, kutali ndi izo. Ndikuganiza kuti idzakhala phunziro limene adzapitiriza kuphunzira.
Pano monga nthawi zonse ndimasiya zolemba zomwe ndalemba. Ngati muli ndi chidwi mungathe gulani apa.
Kutengapo mbali kwa ankhondo ndi magulu ankhondo muzolemba zachi Roma
Akatswiri osiyanasiyana adagwira nawo ntchito zamainjiniya: matenda (ofufuza), nyumba zosungiramo mabuku (ma Surveying engineers)
Mawu akuti engineering amachokera ku mizu yanzeru. Izi zikuwonetsa malingaliro ogwira mtima ndi mayankho anzeru omwe adagwiritsa ntchito kuthetsa mavuto aukadaulo omwe amawonekera m'mabuku.
(Uinjiniya wa Maritime udzachitika m'buku lina)
Kale, mawu achilatini womanga nyumba linali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kuposa mmene lilili masiku ano. Kuphatikiza pakusankha anthu omwe adapanga nyumbazi, idatchulanso akatswiri opanga zida zankhondo omwe adapanga ndikumanga zida zankhondo, akatswiri pakuyezera nthawi (gnomonic), opanga zida zomanga, komanso, makamaka, kwa aliyense amene. idaperekedwa kwa makanika.
Malinga ndi Vitruvio m'zaka za zana la I. C, zomangamanga ndi sayansi yokongoletsedwa ndi ziphunzitso zambiri zongopeka komanso malangizo osiyanasiyana, omwe amakhala ngati lingaliro loweruza ntchito zonse zomwe zimafikira ungwiro wawo kudzera muzojambula zina.
Ponena za Zomangamanga, Vitruvio akunena kuti mmisiri aliyense ayenera kukhala waluso pamaphunziro monga kujambula, mbiri yakale, geometry, masamu, optics, filosofi, mankhwala, ukhondo, kupenda nyenyezi, ngakhalenso nyimbo. Izi zikugwirizana ndi mawu akuti polymath omwe ndimamva kwambiri.
Opanga mapulani ochepa a Antiquity amadziwika: Vitruvius, Apollodorus waku Damasiko, L. Cornelio yemwe anali praefectus fabrum (woyang'anira uinjiniya wankhondo) ndiyeno womanga nyumba. Lucio Coceyo Aucto, Aelio Verino.
Zambiri zimadziwika za othandizira omwe adapereka ndalama zogwirira ntchitozo kuposa omanga ndi ntchito zawo.
Mitundu yamalonda yokhudzana ndi zomangamanga, 3 yamtundu waukadaulo: womanga (womanga), librator (leveler geometer), ndi mensor (woyang'anira) ndi mitundu 6 yamabuku: structos (mason), lapidarius (stonemason), tignarius (mmisiri wa matabwa), tector (stucador), pictor (wojambula) ndi scandularius (woyika matayala).
Mawu ena okhudzana ndi izi: Immunes (ogwira ntchito mwapadera). fabrica (workshop), sarcinae (katundu wa msilikali yemwe anali ndi macheka, dengu, fosholo ndi nkhwangwa). Pamsonkhanowu, magister fabricae adalamula ndipo anali ndi mwayi (opanda ntchito)
Zida zoyezera topographic: groma (square of Surveyor), corobate kuti muwerengere kusafanana, olamulira, ndodo ndi makampasi.
Maius tympanum kukweza katundu wamkulu mpaka matani.
Fistuca (chofanana ndi dalaivala wa mulu)
Ntchito zochititsa chidwi ndi Julio César I d. C. Damu la Druso, ngalande ya Druso ndi njira ya Corbulon.
Zithunzi za Mariana Trenches.
Chisumbu cha Korinto. 6 km kuchokera ku ngalande yotseguka. Kusungidwa kwa masiku 10 akuyenda. Kuwoloka kamtunda kunali 6 km kwa maola 3-5. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC
Nero ankafuna kutsanzira akuluakulu ena monga Xerxes ndi Alexander Wamkulu. Ntchito zina za Xerxes ndi njira ya Athos mu 480 BC. c.
Ntchito pa Isthmus of Korinto inasiyidwa ndipo yatsala pang’ono kutha. Pali ngalande yatsopano kuchokera ku 1894.
Nero adayamba ntchito zambiri malinga ndi Suetonius ndi Tacitus.
Canal del Averno 237 km. Wolemba bukuli akunena za momwe amagwiritsira ntchito akaidi a ufumuwo.
ngalande zamadzi
Mawu akuti aqueduct (aquae ductus) amatanthauza ngalande (specus) yomwe imadutsa madzi kuchokera pachitsime chimodzi kapena zingapo kupita ku deposit yomangidwa pamalo omwe anthu amakhalamo. Arches ku Pont du Gard, Seville, Cherchell (Algeria)m Ma siphon otembenuzidwa ku Lyon, pafupifupi ma siphon 8 ndi Aspendos ku Turkey okhala ndi ma siphon atatu.
Opus reticulatum
Timalankhula mwatsatanetsatane za ngalande zamadzi m'nkhani ya ngalande zachiroma.
Kumanga ndi kukonza misewu
Zimasonyeza zitsanzo zina za kutenga nawo mbali kwa asilikali m'misewu, koma sizikufotokoza momwe anamangidwira. Amakamba za misewu yoyala.
Koma ndapeza anthu omwe amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitsochi
Mwachidule ichi Isaac Moreno Gallo amatsutsana ndi chiphunzitsochi. Amanena za Raymond Chevallier ndi buku lake Les voies romanes. Kumene, atatha kuyang'ana zolemba zoposa 100, amangopeza 4 kapena 5 zomwe zimanena za kulowererapo kwa gulu linalake pomanga misewu, ena onse ndi mapangano ndi makampani apadera, monga lero.
Mabwalo
Amalankhula za mitundu 4 ya milatho yachiroma: matabwa, ngalawa, miyala ndi milatho yosakanizika, momwe mizati yamwala, zipilala ndi matabwa zidapangidwa.
Chitsanzo chabwino cha mlatho wosakanizika ndi umene Trajan anamanga pamwamba pa Danube.
Akatswiri a usilikali anali akatswiri omanga milatho.
Kaisara mu 55 B.C. C analamula kuti apange mlatho pa Rhine, mu Gallic War. Rhine ndi 400m m'lifupi
Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mtsinje wa Rhine unkaganiziridwa kuti ndi mtsinje wosasunthika, wanthano, wosadutsa njira komanso malire omaliza a mtsinjewo. Ufumu wa Roma. Unali umodzi mwa mitsinje ikuluikulu yodziwika komanso yomwe inali ndi mafunde othamanga kwambiri. Kaisara anawononga mlathowo atangowoloka.
Milatho ya zombo zomanga mofulumira ndi zovuta zake zazikulu, zimalola kuti zigwirizane ndi kusinthasintha kwa madzi. Iwo anali abwino kwambiri kwa gulu lankhondo. Iwo anafola mabwato ambili amene anali kucilikiza pulatifomu. Chitsanzo chikhoza kuwonedwa pa Column ya Trajan.
Mavuto anali kugwirizanitsa zombo ndi kuzikhazikitsa.
Simitthus (Chamtou) Bridge ku Tunisia. Inali ndi miyala ya nsangalabwi ya Numidian (marmor numidicum), mwala wachikasu ndi pinki womwe unkafunika kwambiri.
Mlatho wa Martorell pamwamba pa Mtsinje wa Llobregat (Ma ashlars okhawo amakambidwa, ena onse abwezeretsedwa, amamangidwanso nthawi zosiyanasiyana.
Ufumu wa Geodacian? (fufuzani zambiri)
Mlatho waukulu pamwamba pa Danube ku Drobeta. Ntchitoyi idagawidwa m'magawo atatu. Msewu womwe umayenda m'mphepete mwa Danube, ngalandeyo idakumba mumtsinje wamtsinje ndi mlatho wa Drobeta.
zipata zachitsulo
Aroma anayamba kusema njira m’mwala woimirira pakati pa mamita 1,5 ndi 2,1 m’lifupi. Chigwa cha Iron Gates. M’gawo limeneli Danube imapanga phompho la miyala lochititsa chidwi lomwe panopa limalekanitsa Romania kumpoto ndi Serbia kumwera. M'mphepete mwa nyanjayi, pafupifupi 130 km kutalika, m'lifupi mwake mtsinjewo umachokera ku 2 km mpaka 150 m pamalo opapatiza kwambiri. Magombe ake okhotakhota adadutsa m'mapiri a kum'mwera kwa Carpathians, akukwera mamita oposa 300 pamwamba pa madzi. Pakati pa 1963 ndi 1972 Romania ndi Yugoslavia anamanga dziwe lalikulu (Djerdap hydroelectric complex (tsopano Serbia)
Mlatho wa 1.135 km unakwera pafupifupi 14m pamwamba pa mlingo wapakati wa mtsinjewo ndipo unathandizidwa ndi miyala ya miyala ya 20 yomwe inathandizira zipilala zazikulu zamatabwa zomwe opaleshoni yake inafika 50m kuchokera ku axis kupita ku axis. Pamwamba pa nyumbayo panaikidwa nsanja yomwe inali ndi msewu waukulu wa mamita 12.
Pozzolan konkire kuti akhoza kukhala pansi pa madzi. Mlathowu unamangidwa ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga Apollodorus wa ku Damasiko.
migodi ndi miyala
Damnati ad metalla, wotsutsidwa kugwira ntchito m'migodi ndi miyala.
Ku England Mendip Hills amatsogolera migodi ya Somerset.
Malo agolide aku Spain kumpoto chakumadzulo m'chigawo cha Tarragona, Asturia, Gallaecia ndi Lusitania.
Numidian marble (nsangalabwi numidicum) kuyambira kowala mpaka kumdima wandiweyani kupyola mu pinki ya quarries ya Chemtou (simitthu) pamalire a Tunisia ndi Algeria. mwala wofunidwa kwambiri padziko lapansi wokha kumbuyo kwa mfumu ya Aigupto porphyry.
Red porphyry m'chipululu chakum'mawa pakati pa Nile ndi Nyanja Yofiira mu Main milad Valley (Mons Porphyrites) ndi Mons Claudianus granite.
Gray grodiorite (fufuzani thanthwe ili)
Mons Claudianus ndi Mons Porphyritas anali pamtunda wa makilomita 140 kuchokera ku Nile, pakati pa chipululu.
Granite sagwirizana ndi kupsinjika pang'ono kopindika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zazitali zikhale zolimba kwambiri kuti zinyamule mizati ya 5 ndi 8. Anagwiritsa ntchito ngolo za 6-axle zokokedwa ndi abulu ndi/kapena ma dromedaries. Sileji zotsogola pa ma roller ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Makoloni ndi mizinda
Maziko a mzinda uliwonse, malinga ndi mwambo, adapangidwa kutengera masitepe atatu, mphindi zitatu zomaliza, ngakhale ndichinthu chomwe chakhala chikukambidwa mochulukira kuyambira 70s.
Choyamba, woweruza milandu ndi injiniya wa topographical adalongosola ndikulemba chizindikiro decumanus maximus, imodzi mwa nkhwangwa zazikulu za mzindawu zomwe zimachokera kum'mawa kupita kumadzulo kutengera kutuluka kwa dzuwa ngati malo owonetserako kudzera mu groma.
Chachiwiri, ndi chida chomwecho, perpendicular to axis yapitayi idakwezedwa kuchokera pomwe makinawo adayimitsidwa. groma, motero kujambula nthula maximus yolunjika kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera
Chachitatu, kamangidwe ka tawuni kunachepetsedwa pokumba ngalande yoyambirira ndi pulawo (yotchedwa sulcus primigenius), zomwe pakapita nthawi zingagwirizane ndi masanjidwe a mipanda yozungulira ndi kuzungulira kwa pomerium, malire achipembedzo a enclave.
Masitepe atatuwa atamalizidwa, chomwe chinatsala chinali kukhazikitsa maukonde a orthogonal a misewu yachiwiri, yomwe inali yokwanira kujambula mizere yotsatizana kuyambira pa nkhwangwa ziwirizo.
Iye amalankhula za ubale pakati pa bwalo la masewera ndi chilengedwe cha mizinda ndi madera, komanso asilikali ndi gladiators.
Nyumba yowunikira ya La Coruña, Tower of Hercules. Inali nyumba yowunikira yowunikira kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 41 AD, kutalika kwa 18 m komanso yokhala ndi pulani yamamita XNUMX mbali iliyonse.
Ntchito yofunika kwambiri yomwe anthu ankakonda kwambiri inali yochotsa madambo ndi mathithi
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