Ndemanga ndi zolemba za Locos por los clásicos lolemba Emilio del Río

Emilio del Río amasewera Cicerone paulendo wodutsa muzosankha zamakedzana zamakedzana zolembedwa ndi olemba otchuka akale a Girisi ndi Roma.

Paulendowu tidzakumana ndi olemba 36, ntchito zawo zazikulu ndi zolemba zambiri za moyo wawo, chikhalidwe cha anthu omwe amakhalamo, omwe adawalimbikitsa ndi zina zambiri zosangalatsa.

Sizipita mozama, mutu uliwonse woperekedwa kwa wolemba, ndi mndandanda wa maumboni, moyo wake, ntchito yake, maganizo ake omwe alipo lero, mabuku ndi mafilimu, olemba omwe adawauzira, ndi zina zotero.

Zosangalatsa kwambiri komanso zachikhalidwe kwambiri. Ndimakonda mabuku amtunduwu. Nthawi zonse ndimatenga mwayi wolemba zinthu zambiri zoti ndizifufuze pambuyo pake komanso zambiri zoti ndiwerenge. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zina mbiri imandisangalatsa kwambiri, monga za Ovid, ndiyenera kupita mozama.

Lembani ku njira yathu ya Youtube

Zimatipangitsa kuzindikira kuti chilichonse chimapangidwa pakati pa chikhalidwe chachi Greek ndi Aroma. Ndipo iwo ndi gwero la kudzoza kwa ntchito zambiri zamakono. Zomwezo zinandichitikiranso ndi zolemba za Roman Engineering.

Powerenga masambawa okhudza zilembo za Ovid, wa Plato, wa Sappho, tikuwona anthu ambiri ochokera ku mndandanda wa Sandman ndi Neil Gaiman wamkulu.

Zina mwa ntchito zomwe zatchulidwazi zomwe ndawerengapo ngakhale zawunikiridwa, koma ngati mutawerenga bukuli ndikofunikanso kukambirana Infinity mu bango lolemba Irene Vallejo ndipo ndiyenera kubwereza posachedwa. kumene tidzaphunzira zambiri za chikhalidwe cha Greece ndi Roma wakale kupyolera mu ulendo wa mbiri ya mabuku.

Lingaliro la bukhuli likatha, monga nthawi zonse ndimapita ndi zolemba. Nthawi ino ndichita ndi mitu. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo zambiri zomwe ndikufuna kuzikumbukira ndikuzifufuza.

Zotsatirazi ndi zolemba za m'buku. Zonse zomwe ndikufuna kukumbukira komanso zomwe ndiyenera kuzifufuza.

Ndakatulo za Catullus

Anabadwa mu 84 BC ku Verona

Catullus inakhazikitsidwa ndi gulu lolemba ndi olemba ena, omwe Cicero anawatcha ndakatulo novi.

Ndakatulo si chida chodzadza ndi tsogolo, koma zidalungamitsidwa ndi luso lokha, ndiko kuti, ars free arts, luso lazojambula.

Amatengedwa ngati ndakatulo ya chikondi ndi kugonana.

kuyitana ndakatulo zake libellus, kuchepetsedwa kwa liber (bukhu), chinachake chonga kabukhu kakang'ono.

Jaime Gil de Biedma (zofufuza)

Mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Peloponnesian ndi Thucydides

Iye ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri a mbiri yakale a nthawi zonse, wobadwira ku Athens 460 BC Tsiku lakale la Atene, pamene Parthenon inamangidwa ndipo Phidias anapanga ziboliboli zake.

Amalimbikitsa zolinga. Pofotokoza zowona, amayesa kuchotsa bukuli, mosiyana ndi zomwe Herodotus adachita ndikungoyesa kuthana ndi nkhani zomwe zili zowonekera.Iye amalimbana ndi nkhani zomwe zakhala zikuchitika masiku ano, kusokoneza chidziwitso, kusokoneza chilankhulo, populism, kusokoneza ovota. kuchuluka kwa mphamvu

Amphamvu amazindikira zomwe zingatheke ndipo ofooka amavomereza

Bukuli linali mu "mlozera wa mabuku oletsedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ku Spain, ndipo adapezedwanso ndi anthu a Renaissance humanists.

Tamandani Pericles. Pa nthawiyo Athens wa Pericles inatha, yomwe inali nthawi yabwino kwambiri m'mbiri yake. (zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC)

Wafilosofi George Santayana adatero

Anthu amene sadziwa mbiri yawo adzangobwerezabwereza

Pa mtendere wamaganizo wa Seneca

Lucio Anneo Seneca wobadwira ku Córdoba, Spain, 4 BC

Iye analemba pakati pa ena Pa clemency, Moral makalata kwa Lucilio, masewero, ndakatulo, satire ndi zokambirana khumi ndi chimodzi pa mafunso a kukhalapo: momwe angakhalire osangalala, kufupika kwa moyo, imfa, zosangalatsa, mkwiyo, bata la mzimu.

Ndinalemba mu mawonekedwe a zokambirana.

Akuti tizifunafuna moyo woona mtima, wosavuta wokhala ndi zododometsa zowona, mtendere wamalingaliro, kutsatira njira yanu ndikukhala ndi zinthu zomveka bwino, podziwa komwe mukufuna kupita.

Makiyi a chimwemwe omwe amawonekera mu "Pa kukhazikika kwa anzeru": Osadandaula pachabe ndi zomwe sizidalira ife, musaope zam'tsogolo kapena kukhala ndi ziyembekezo zabodza.

Nec spes nec metus
Opanda chiyembekezo kapena mantha.

Aeneid, buku IV, lolembedwa ndi Virgil

Publius Virgil Maron, 70 BC ku Mantua, Italy

The Aeneid ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe zakhudza kwambiri Kumadzulo. Pafupifupi mavesi zikwi khumi mu nyimbo khumi ndi ziwiri. Zolembedwa mu ma hexameter, mtundu wa vesi.

Ndi za mutu woyamba wa maziko a Roma, pamene Eneya akufika ku Italy pambuyo pa kugonjetsedwa kwa Troy. Eneasi ndi mwana wa mulungu wamkazi Venus.

Anasindikiza Bucolic ndi Georgic

Aeneid imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ntchito yayikulu kwambiri ya Ufumu Watsopano wa Roma, ntchito yoyambira yokhala ndi zoyambira zanthano. Zingakhale zofanana ndi Iliad ndi Odyssey ku Greece

The Republic, ndi Plato

Plato, 427 BC Woyambitsa Academy of Athens yomwe idagwira ntchito pafupifupi zaka chikwi. Mphunzitsi wa Aristotle

The Republic, Politeia, yolembedwa mu 370 BC. C yu adagawidwa m'machaputala 10. Ntchitoyi ili mu mawonekedwe a zokambirana pakati pa Socrates ndi anthu ena asanu ndi limodzi.

Nkhani ya Gyges yokhala ndi mphete yomwe imamulola kuti asakhale wosawoneka komanso kutikakamiza kuti tiganizire za JR Tolkien. Ponena za chisoti cha Hade, kuti aliyense wovala chipewacho angakhalenso wosaoneka. Perseus akutenga kuti aphe Medusa

Chimodzi mwa ndime zazikulu ndi nthano yodziwika bwino ya mphanga, m'buku VII

Mu Dialogues ake, amayankha mafunso akuluakulu a moyo, amakambirana za chikondi, moyo, chinenero, chikhumbo, chabwino ndi choipa, zosangalatsa.

Parallel Lives, Wambiri ya Mark Antony wolemba Plutarch

Plutarch anabadwa chapakati pa zaka za zana loyamba AD ku Chaeronea, Greece. Anakhala gawo lalikulu la ulamuliro wa "olamulira abwino asanu" malinga ndi Machiavelli ndipo malinga ndi wolemba mbiri Edward Gibbon anali imodzi mwa nthawi zosangalatsa kwambiri zaumunthu.

Analemba ntchito 227

Parallel Lives ndi mbiri ya anthu otchuka achi Greek ndi Aroma, ndipo Plutarch amawalemba powaphatikiza ndi kuwafanizira. Inali yogulitsidwa kwambiri panthawiyo. Iwo anakhala chitsanzo cha zaka za m'ma XNUMX

Shakespeare adachokera ku ntchito ya Plutarch chifukwa cha Tsoka la Antony ndi Cleopatra.

Octavio Augusto anali katswiri wa zamalonda, panthawiyo, kulankhulana, nkhani zabodza komanso kusokoneza anthu.

Iliad, canto XXIV, ndi Homer

Sitikudziwa chilichonse chokhudza Homer, komanso Agiriki sankadziwa kuti iye anali ndani. Iye ankakhala ku Anatolia, dziko la Turkey masiku ano.

Wopangidwa pamaso pa 700 BC, ndi ntchito yakale kwambiri ya mabuku aku Europe. Ndi ndakatulo yoyamba ya epic ya Kumadzulo. Mavesi 16 omwe amafotokoza masiku khumi ndi anayi ankhondo yomwe idatenga zaka 10

Troy mu Chigriki amatchedwa Ilium.

Tonse tikudziwa Achilles, Hector, Patroclus, Elena, Priam, etc.

The Trickster, wolemba Plautus

Tito Maccio Plauto, anabadwira ku Sarsina cha m’ma 250 BC. Shakespeare adzalimbikitsidwa ndi iye chifukwa cha nthabwala zake, Calderón de la Barca, Molière

Imauziridwa ndi ntchito zachi Greek ndipo imathandizira kubadwa kwa nthabwala zachi Latin. Ntchito zake zonse zili ndi phunziro la makhalidwe abwino. Amadzudzula achinyengo, achinyengo, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, ma pimp, maphoni komanso chilichonse chomwe chimatsutsana ndi ntchito za nzika yabwino.

Pali filimu yamakono ya Richard Lester yotchedwa Golfus of Rome yochokera ku The Trickster

Antigone, ndi Sophocles

Sophocles, wolemba sewero wachi Greek wobadwa mu V BC. Iye ndi m'modzi mwa ndakatulo zazikulu zitatu za Athens pamodzi ndi Aeschylus ndi Euripides.

Mendelssohn mu 1841 ndi Carl Orff mu 1947 analemba masewero awo za khalidwe la Antigone.

Ndili ndi ndemanga ya Antigone, ntchito yomwe ndawerengapo nthawi zambiri.

Nkhani Zoona, ndi Luciano

Luciano de Samósata, anabadwira ku Samósata, ku Syria masiku ano, m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX AD. Iye analemba Nkhani Zoona Kapena Nkhani Zoona, zomwe, mosiyana ndi zomwe mutuwo ukunena, ndi nkhani zosamveka.

Imatengedwa ngati ntchito yoyamba yopeka ya sayansi ya mabuku apadziko lonse lapansi.

Ikufotokoza ulendo woyamba wopita ku Mwezi, kufotokoza za Selenite, okhala mu Mwezi, Selene ndi mulungu wa Mwezi mu Chigriki. Amafika pamwezi ndi boti lomwe limakokedwa ndi mtsinje wamadzi. Amadutsa Dziko la Akufa, amakhala miyezi yambiri mkati mwa chinsomba chachikulu, chomwe chimatikumbutsa za ulendo wa Geppeto ndi chilumba cha maloto.

Anauziridwa ndi Miguel de Cervantes chifukwa cha Colloquium of Dogs ndi Francisco de Quevedo for Dreams. Jonathan Swift ndi Gulliver's Travels.

Pa Friendship, ndi Cicero

Marco Tulio Cicero, anabadwira ku Arpino mu 106 BC.

Ntchitoyi imatsutsa utilitarianism muubwenzi

sine amicita nulla vita est
popanda ubwenzi, moyo ndi wachabechabe

Nthano, ndi Aesop

Aesop anabadwa kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XNUMX BC ku Greece. Kuphatikizika koyamba kunapangidwa zaka mazana awiri pambuyo pa imfa ya wolemba.

Zochepa kwambiri zimadziwika za wolemba, koma anali wotchuka kwambiri ku Atene. Mu agora adapereka kwa iye fano lopangidwa ndi wosema Lysippos

Lembani nthano. Ndiwo mtundu wotchuka wotsutsana ndi nthano zomwe zimafalitsidwa pakamwa zisanapangidwe.

M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, zida zotchedwa Isopetes (Aesops) zidawonetsedwa.

Nthano za Jean de la Fontaine m'zaka za zana la XNUMX zimatsata chitsanzo cha Aesop.

Ndakatulo, ndi Tibullus

Tibullus anabadwa mu 60 BC ku Gabios, kum'mawa kwa Roma. imodzi mwa ndakatulo zake ndi yotsutsa nkhondo.

Bwenzi la Ovid ndi Horace, anali mbali ya bwalo la Mesala

Amalemba ndakatulo zachikondi, pamodzi ndi iye amarola ndakatulo ya amaro, yotchedwa elegiac poetry.

Wolemba ndakatulo wa chikondi ndi kusweka mtima, wolemba ndakatulo wa kukhumudwa ndi pacifist

Medea ndi Euripides

Euripides adabadwa cha m'ma 480 BC, pamodzi ndi Aeschylus ndi Sophocles, ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri atatu olemba sewero achi Greek.

Tsoka la Medea, Jason, Circe, the Fleece, Galuce

Medea amapha ana ake kuti abwezere Jason.

Metamorphosis, "Pyramus and Thisbe", ndi Ovid

Ovid anabadwira ku Sulmona, Italy mu 43 BC Wolemba ndakatulo, yemwe analemba metamorphosis m'mavesi, mu hexameters. Ili ndi nkhani zopitilira 250 zanthano. Daedalus ndi Icarus, Hercules, Orpheus, Aeneas, etc.

Nkhani ya Pyramus ndi Thisbe ku Babulo, achinyamata awiri omwe amakondana ngakhale kuti mabanja awo salola kuti aziwonana. Anathawa, atapeza mwayi ndi mkango waukazi, Pyramus akuganiza kuti Thisbe wafa, ndipo akudzipha, koma izi siziri choncho ndipo Thisbe ataona Pyramus, amadziphanso.

Tikhoza kunena kuti Shakespeare anauziridwa ndi nkhaniyi kwa Romeo ndi Juliet, koma mwina zingakhale zolondola kunena kuti adazisintha nthawi yake.

Ndakatulo, ndi Sappho

Sappho, wolemba ndakatulo wachi Greek wobadwa ku Lesbos kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC

Kwa masewero asanu ndi anayi omwe adalimbikitsa luso ndi chidziwitso, Plato anawonjezera chakhumi, chokhacho chenichenicho, Sappho.

Iye amalemba ndakatulo wapamtima, kumene mfundo zazikulu ndi maganizo ake ndi chikondi.

M’zaka za m’ma XNUMX, Papa Gregory VII analamula kuti mipukutu yonse ya ndakatulo ya ndakatuloyo itenthedwe.

Mbiri, Buku I, lolembedwa ndi Herodotus

Herodotus anabadwira ku Halicarnassus, Turkey mu 480 BC.

Iye analemba nkhani zake m’mabuku 9 a gumbwa. Anali bwenzi la Sophocles ndi Gorgias. Anali woyenda mosatopa ndipo Cicero adamuyitana mbiri ya abambo, tate wa mbiriyakale. Mawu akuti mbiri yakale amatanthauza kufufuza ndi kutsimikizira.

M'buku lomwe ndinapereka kwa Clio, nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale za mbiri yakale.

Amalankhula zambiri za Ulendo ndi Herodotus wolemba mtolankhani Kapuscinski

The Golden Ass, nthano ya Cupid ndi Psyche, yolembedwa ndi Apuleius

Apuleius anabadwa mu 125 AD ku Madaura kumpoto kwa Africa. Anayenda ku Asia, Greece ndi Italy kwa zaka zoposa 10

Magwero a buku lathu la picaresque amachokera ku The Golden Ass. Nkhani ya Cupid ndi Psyche

Apuleius wakhudza unyinji wa olemba odziwika bwino.

kukonda omnia vincit
chikondi chimagonjetsa zonse (Virgil)

Oedipus the King, ndi Sophocles

Takambirana kale za Sophocles. Nkhani yapamwamba ya Oedipus Rex, yowunikiridwa pa blog.

Ovid's Heroides

Takambirana kale za Ovid. Mmodzi mwa oyamba kulemba makalata achikondi. Tili ndi mtundu wa epistolary pano.

Ntchito zina, monga metamorphosis, Amores ndi Art of chikondi.

Seneca anatsanzira Ovid mu Masautso ake

Kusinkhasinkha, ndi Marcus Aurelius

Marcus Aurelius anabadwira ku Roma mu 121 AD.

Iye anali womaliza mwa mafumu Asanu Abwino. Iye analemba zosinkhasinkha m’Chigiriki ngakhale kuti anali mfumu ya Roma. Ndi buku loti mukhale osangalala

Epigrams, ndi Marcial

Marcial anabadwira ku Bílbilis, Calatayud mu 40 AD Wolemba ndakatulo, analemba ma epigram 1561 m'mabuku 14. Iye ndi m'modzi mwa oyamba kuteteza chuma chanzeru.

Iye ndi wolemba mbiri wa nthawiyo, kuchuluka kwa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku ku Roma, ndi miyambo yake, zomwe amachita, kudya, kuwerenga, ndi zina zotero.

Francisco de Quevedo adadzipereka kwa Marcial.

Pa chikhalidwe cha zinthu, Lucretius

Tito Lucrecio Caro, anabadwa mu 96 BC, akukhulupirira kuti anachokera ku Campania, dera la Naples ndi Pompeii.

De chikhalidwe cha rerum (Pa chikhalidwe cha zinthu) sichinathe, pali mabuku 6 ndi ndime 7400. M’ntchito imeneyi, iye amakana kuti milungu imaloŵerera m’zochitika za anthu. Tsogolo lathu silinadziwike ndipo tiyenera kukhala osaopa mulungu aliyense. Lili ndi tanthauzo la filosofi ya epikureya. Chopinga chachikulu cha chisangalalo si ululu, wopanda chinyengo, kuganiza zosangalatsa zopanda malire kapena zowawa zopanda malire.

Lucretius amatsimikiziranso kuti nthawi siili yochepa, koma yopanda malire, komanso kuti tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe timapanga chilengedwe chonse ndi chosawonongeka komanso chosafa.

Lysistrata, wolemba Aristophanes

Aristophanes, wobadwa cha 445 BC ku Athens, ndi m'modzi mwa olemba nthabwala zazikulu.

Lysistrata amatanthauza amene amathetsa asilikali. Mu seweroli, Lysistrata amawalimbikitsa akazi kuti apite kukamenyana ndi kugonana ndipo palibe mkazi woti agone ndi mwamuna wake mpaka nkhondoyo itatha. Ntchito yokhala ndi zonena zambiri zakugonana ndi ma tacos ambiri

Prometheus yomangidwa ndi Aeschylus

Ndi trilogy. Prometheus mu unyolo, Prometheus anamasulidwa ndi Prometheus wonyamula moto.

Prometheus ndi Titan, yemwe amathandiza Zeus pakulimbana kwake ndi mphamvu yolimbana ndi milungu ya Olympus. Koma amaba mobisa moto waumulungu ndi kuupereka kwa anthu. Monga chilango Zeus amamanga iye ku thanthwe kwa muyaya ndipo tsiku lililonse mphungu imapita kukadya chiwindi chake, chomwe chimameranso usiku.

Prometheus akuyimira ufulu ndi kupita patsogolo kwa anthu, kumabweretsa chikhalidwe ndi chidziwitso.

Buku lolembedwa ndi Epictetus

Epictetus anabadwa mu AD 50 ku Hierapolis, Turkey. Anayambitsa sukulu yakeyake ndi filosofi, ngakhale amaphunzitsa zambiri za makhalidwe ndi makhalidwe.

Kwa iye filosofi iyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chenicheni. Buku lothandizira, ndi buku lodzithandizira lomwe linalembedwa zaka 1800 zapitazo

Ndakatulo, ndi Sulpicia

Wolemba ndakatulo wa ku Roma, ndime yokhayo yomwe inapulumuka ya mkazi wachiroma. Pali ndakatulo 6 za mavesi 40. Mavesi ake ananenedwa kwa munthu.

Panali olemba ndakatulo angapo achiroma, omwe analemba panthawiyo. Cornificia, ena Sulpicia, Cornelia, Hortensia, Mesia, Carcafania, etc. Ngakhale zochepa kwambiri za ntchito zake zimasungidwa.

Maloto a Scipio ndi Cicero

Kwa Cicero chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri polankhula za Boma si mtundu wa boma koma ukoma wa amuna omwe amalamulira. The anthu abwino kwambirinzika yangwiro.

Inali ntchito yayikulu ya Juan Luis Vives ndi Mozart adapereka opera kwa iyo mu 1772

palimpsest amatanthauza kulembedwanso

Mutuwu umayamba ndi nkhani yochokera m'buku, pomwe zikuwoneka kuti idalembedwa ndi Mkhristu, chifukwa imalankhula za moyo, likulu lake lakumwamba, ndi zina zotero. Koma pa nthawiyo kunalibe Akhristu.

History of Rome, buku I lolembedwa ndi Tito Livio

Tito Livio ndi wolemba mbiri yemwe anabadwa mu 54 BC ku Padua, Italy. Watchedwa wolemba mbiri wopanda mbiri.

Iye analemba History of Rome kuyambira maziko ake (chikhalidwe cha aba) m'mabuku 142. Maziko anachitika mu 753 BC

Roma ndiye mzinda wopambana kwambiri, kotero kuti dalitso la Papa likupitilizabe urbi ndi orbi, ku Roma ndi kwa dziko lonse lapansi.

Mpaka pachikhalidwe chachikhristu, tsikuli lidawerengedwa kuyambira kukhazikitsidwa kwa Roma. Mwachitsanzo, Yesu Kristu anabadwa mu 753 maziko a Roma atakhazikitsidwa

Sikuti mabuku onse athunthu asungidwa, koma alipo pafupipafupi iwo anali chidule cha chirichonse, kotero ife tikudziwa chimene iwo anali

Livio amadabwa zomwe zimayambitsa kukula kwa Roma, ndipo amaziyang'ana mu makhalidwe a Aroma. Akuwonetsa mwamphamvu udindo woyipa wa ziphuphu zandale pakugwa kwa demokalase, chiphuphu chomwe chimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azithetsa.

M'Chilatini lupa amatanthauza nkhandwe, komanso hule, izi zili mkati mwa chiyambi cha unamwino wa nkhandwe Romulus ndi Remus, pachifukwa ichi mahule amatchedwanso mahule.

Mfundo zomwe Tito Livio amati kwa omwe adayambitsa ndi: pietas, virtus, iustitia, clementia, libertas, concordia, moderatio, modesty ndi discipline.

Imakamba za kubedwa kwa amayi a Sabine, nkhani yomwe tikuyiwona mufilimu ya Seven Brides for Seven Brothers.

Elegies, ndi Propertius

Propertius adabadwa chapakati pa XNUMXst century BC ku Assisi. Anakhalanso m'gulu la zolemba za Maecenas. Ndipo anali bwenzi la Ovid.

Iye analemba ndakatulo 90, zolembedwa mu ndime elegiac, wopangidwa ndi hexameters ndi pentameters.

Inakhala yotchuka kwambiri. Pali mavesi a Propertius pamakoma a Pompeii.

Ndakatulo zake zimakamba za chikondi chamoto komanso cha mkazi mmodzi.

Moyo wa Kaisara khumi ndi awiri, "Moyo wa Julius Caesar", ndi Suetonius

Gayo Suetonio Tranquilo anabadwa mu 69 AD. C. Anali paubwenzi ndi Pliny Wamng’ono ndipo ankagwira ntchito ngati mlembi wa Trajan. Analinso ngati wotsogolera wamkulu wa malaibulale achifumu.

Mabuku 12 a mbiri yakale amachokera ku Julius Caesar mpaka ku Domitian. Onse amatsatira dongosolo lofanana: chiyambi cha banja, kubadwa, maonekedwe, khalidwe, nthano, ntchito zandale, zochita, ndi imfa.

Iye samaweruza monga momwe amachitira olemba mbiri ena, amangoulula zimene wafufuza. Ena amamuona ngati mtolankhani woyamba m'mbiri.

Kuchokera ku nkhani ya Julius Caesar tikhoza kuona kukonda kwake kwa akazi ndi amuna, ndi mphekesera zonse zomwe zinali pafupi naye, nyimbo zachipongwe zoperekedwa kwa iye, ndi zina zotero.

Pamene adasintha kalendala m'chaka cha 46 a. C. ndi ma ides a Marichi omwe alimbikitsa olemba ambiri.

Pa moyo wachimwemwe, wolemba Seneca

Mu ntchito iyi, Seneca amatanthauzira chimwemwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana, zomwe siziri zosangalatsa, koma ukoma.

Amadzinenera stoicism, kukoma mtima ndi kuwolowa manja.

Alcestis, wolemba Euripides

Limanena nkhani ya Alcestis, mkazi amene anapereka moyo wake nsembe kuti apulumutse Admetus wokondedwa wake, ndi mmene Heracles anapita ku Hade ndi kumudula kumbuyo.

Nsembe yake sinapite pachabe, chifukwa amagonjetsa ngakhale imfa.

Amores, wolemba Ovid

Amores ndi buku la Ovid 1 ndi 2418 kuteteza chikondi. Ntchitoyi pamodzi ndi Luso lachikondi, inamuthamangitsira ku ukapolo Mfumu Augustus yemwe ankafuna kuwongolera chikhalidwe cha Aroma.

Iye ndiye wolemba ndakatulo wamakono komanso chitsanzo cha mabuku onse a ku Ulaya.

Homer's Odyssey

Imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za mabuku m'mbiri ya anthu, zolembedwa m'zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri BC. Amatchedwa choncho, chifukwa mu Greek Ulysses ndi Odysseus. Wopangidwa ndi nyimbo 24 ndi mavesi 12110. Aliyense amadziwa nkhaniyi.

Ulysses, Telemachus, Penelope, Polifemos, Circe, Argos, etc, etc, otchulidwa onse otchuka omwe abwera m'nthawi yathu ino.

Imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe zakhudza kwambiri olemba a mibadwo yonse.

Odes, ndi Horace

Wachisanu Horacio Flaco, anabadwira ku Venusia, Italy m'chaka cha 65 a. C. Poet, yemwe anali m'gulu la zolemba za Maecenas.

Analembanso za Poetic Art, koma Odes ndi Epidos ake amaonekera, pamene amalankhula za ubwenzi ndi chikondi, ndi momwe angakhalire epikurean wabwino kuti asangalale ndi moyo.

Ndakatulo yake ya khumi ndi imodzi imadziwika padziko lonse lapansi likawomba wotheratu